Phosphodiesterase type iii (pde iii) inhibitors or ca2+-sensitizing agents for the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a phosphodiesterase type III (PDE III) inhibitor and/or Ca 2+ - sensitizing agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof for the treatment of a patient suffering from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). According to another aspect the present invention relates to the use of a PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca 2+ -sensitizing agent for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a patient suffering from HCM.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of medicine, in particular to the field of veterinary medicine. The invention relates to phosphodiesterase type III (PDE III) inhibitors, Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof for the treatment of diastolic dysfunction, preferably related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in a patient.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease in cats and the most common cause of heart failure in this species (Riesen et al., 2007; Rush et al., 1998). While a genetic mutation of one or more of the sarcomeric proteins has been proposed to be the cause of HCM in most cats, a specific mutation has only been identified for Maine coon and Ragdoll cats (Meurs et al., 2005 and 2007; Kittleson et al., 1999). In most cats identified to have HCM, the heart disease is the eventual cause for death. HCM together with restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) are classified as diasystolic dysfunctions.

Five common phenotypical manifestations of feline HCM include 1) diffuse, symmetric concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (LV); 2) asymmetric hypertrophy of the interventricular septum (IVS) with a normal LV free wall, such that the IVS impinges into the left ventricular outflow tract during systole; 3) asymmetric hypertrophy of the left ventricular free wall (with normal thickness of the IVS); 4) mid-ventricular hypertrophy of the left ventricle with sparing of the cardiac base and the apex causing mid-ventricular obstruction; and 5) isolated papillary muscle hypertrophy most often seen in Maine Coon cats (Peterson et al., 1993; Fox 2003; Liu et al., 1993; Kittleson et al., 1999).

Treatment of symptoms of HCM is directed towards decreasing the left ventricular outflow tract gradient and symptoms of dyspnea, chest pain and syncope. Medical therapy is successful in the majority of patients. The first medication that is routinely used is a β-blocker (metopolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, propranolol). If symptoms and gradient persist, disopyramide may be added to the β-blockers. Alternately a calcium channel blocker such as verapamil may be substituted for a beta blocker.

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a form of cardiomyopathy in which the walls are rigid, and the heart is restricted from stretching and filling with blood properly. Rhythmicity and contractility of the heart may be normal, but the stiff walls of the heart chambers (atria and ventricles) keep them from adequately filling, reducing preload and end-diastolic volume. So blood flow is reduced, and blood that would normally enter the heart is backed up in the circulatory system. In time, restrictive cardiomyopathy patients develop diastolic dysfunction and eventually heart failure.

PDE III Inhibitors and Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents such a pimobendan or levosimendan are well-known compounds for the treatment of heart failure (HF) originating from dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or decompensated endocardiosis (DCE) in animals, especially for the treatment of dogs suffering from heart failure (see for example WO 2005/092343). PDE-III inhibitors including those having Ca²⁺-sensitizing effects and Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents are known to be inotropic and may increase the contractility of the left ventricle. Therefore, it was believed that use of PDE III inhibitors including those having Ca²⁺-sensitizing effects and Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents are contraindicated for the treatment of HCM.

Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle results in a reduced left ventricular internal dimension and slowed ventricular relaxation, and consequently impedes diastolic filling. Altered diastolic filling and compromised myocardial blood flow result in myocardial ischemia and, as a consequence of ischemia, a progressive loss of cardiomyocytes. Over time, the heart becomes stiff and non-compliant and the hypertrophied muscle is replaced with fibrous tissue which further impedes diastolic filling. PDE-III Inhibitors by inhibiting the breakdown of the second messenger of catecholamines (increase in cytosolic cAMP and Ca²⁺ due to inhibition of PDE-III) and increasing the sensitivity of the contractile proteins towards Ca²⁺ would be expected to further impair diastolic ventricular function, when administered to those patients. Moreover, enhancing systolic function would lead to further increase of the left ventricular (LV) wall, especially in those segments, where the pathoanatomical changes have resulted in obstruction of the left ventricular outflow and would thus further deteriorate left ventricular pump function. Evidence for the latter hypothesis is given by clinical observations that can be made especially under the influence of stress, which is frequently induced by clinical examination of cats: As the cat becomes excited, the murmur increases in intensity as a result of increased heart rate, increased systolic inotropic state, and increased velocity of blood flow in the LV outflow tract, and the resulting mitral regurgitation. The LV outflow tract obstruction, due either to systolic bulging of the bicuspid valve or hypertrophy at the top of the interventricular septum, may lead to increased systolic wall stress, increased myocardial oxygen demand with demand-supply mismatch, worsening of LV hypertrophy, acceleration of diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, and finally disease progression over time. This is one of the reasons that many clinicians prescribe bradycardic agents to keep the heart rate slow and blunt this dynamic worsening of the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Moreover, Tilley and co-workers demonstrated the deleterious rise in left ventricular end diastolic pressures which results from sympathetic stimulation in 19 cats with HCM (Tilley et al., 1977). This sudden rise in LV end diastolic pressure results in elevated left atrial pressure and subsequent acute pulmonary edema. This model, which used isoproterenol infusion, is thought to mimic the rise in sympathetic tone associated with stressful events in cats which can lead to an abrupt onset of pulmonary edema in a previously well-compensated animal.

The problem underlying the present invention was to provide a medication, which allows the treatment of diastolic dysfunction, preferably HCM and to reduce the risk of death in patients with heart failure associated with diastolic dysfunction, in particular with HCM. In particular, the problem underlying the present invention was to provide a medication which allows the treatment of HCM in patients suffering from heart failure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Contrary to the general doctrine not to use inotropic agents such as PDE III inhibitors and Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents for the treatment of HCM, it has surprisingly been found that PDE III inhibitors and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents can be used for the treatment of patients suffering from HCM. More in general, inotropic and vasodilator agents such as PDE III inhibitors and Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents can be used for the treatment of diastolic dysfunctions, in particular HCM and/or RCM. Thus, according to one aspect the present invention relates to PDE III inhibitors and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents for the treatment of HCM, respectively for the treatment of a patient suffering from HCM. According to a further aspect, the present invention relates to PDE III inhibitors and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents for the treatment of diastolic dysfunction, preferably in form of HCM and/or RCM, respectively for the treatment of a patient suffering from diastolic dysfunction, preferably suffering from HCM and/or RCM.

According to a further aspect the present invention relates to use of PDE III inhibitors and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents for the preparation of a medicament/pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of diastolic dysfunction, preferably HCM and/or RCM, respectively for the treatment of a patient suffering from diastolic dysfunction, preferably HCM and/or RCM.

Preferably, the PDE III inhibitor and the Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, respectively, are selected from the group consisting of cilostazol, pimobendan, milrinone, levosimendan, amrinone, enoximone and piroximone TZC-5665, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, derivatives thereof, metabolites thereof and any pro-drugs thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Detailed Description of the Invention

Before the embodiments of the present invention it shall be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a preparation” includes a plurality of such preparations reference to the “carrier” is a reference to one or more carriers and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All given ranges and values may vary by 1 to 5% unless indicated otherwise or known otherwise by the person skilled in the art, therefore, the term “about” was omitted from the description. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods, devices, and materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing the substances, excipients, carriers, and methodologies as reported in the publications which might be used in connection with the invention. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

The solution to the above technical problem is achieved by the description and the embodiments characterized in the claims.

The invention relates to PDE III inhibitors and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan for the treatment of diastolic dysfunction, preferably of HCM and/or RCM, most preferably of HCM, in particular for the treatment of a patient suffering from diastolic dysfunction, preferably of HCM and/or RCM, most preferably of HCM. The present invention not only relates to the specific use of PDE III inhibitors and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan for the treatment of HCM, it also relates to the use PDE III inhibitors and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents, preferably, PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan for the preparation of a medicament/pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a patient suffering from diastolic dysfunction, preferably from HCM and/or RCM, most preferably from HCM.

Heart failure caused by diastolic dysfunction is generally described as the failure of the ventricle to adequately relax and typically denotes a stiffer ventricular wall. This causes inadequate filling of the ventricle, and therefore results in an inadequate stroke volume. The failure of ventricular relaxation also results in elevated end-diastolic pressures, and the end result is identical to the case of systolic dysfunction (pulmonary edema in left heart failure, peripheral edema in right heart failure.) Diastolic dysfunction can be caused by processes similar to those that cause systolic dysfunction, particularly causes that affect cardiac remodeling. Diastolic dysfunction may not manifest itself except in physiologic extremes if systolic function is preserved. At least to forms of diastolic dysfunction are known (HCM or RCM).

HCM normally is associated with or caused acute or chronic heart failure (heart failure). Therefore, the present invention also relates to PDE III inhibitors and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan for the treatment of HCM in patients suffering from heart failure.

HCM can be defined as obstructive or non-obstructive. The obstructive variant of HCM, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) has also historically been known as idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) and asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH). A non-obstructive variant of HCM is apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Thus, according to a further aspect the present invention relates to PDE III inhibitors and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan for the treatment of HCM, in particular for the treatment of a patient suffering from obstructive or non-obstructive HCM. Moreover, the present invention also relates to the use of PDE III inhibitors and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan for the preparation of a medicament/pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a patient suffering from obstructive or non-obstructive HCM.

According to a further aspect the present invention relates to PDE III inhibitors and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan for the treatment of HCM, in particular for the treatment of a patient suffering from obstructive HCM, preferably from hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) or and asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH).

According to a further aspect the present invention relates to PDE III inhibitors and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan for the treatment of HCM, in particular for the treatment of a patient suffering from non-obstructive HCM, preferably from apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

The term “PDE III inhibitor” as used herein relates to phosphodiesterase (PDE) III inhibitors including pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, which prevent breakdown of cAMP to 5′AMP and thus maintain the effect of cAMP on protein kinase and other secondary messenger activation.

The “term Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent” relates to any compound including pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof which increases the Ca²⁺ sensitivity of cardiac contractile proteins, i.e. increase the developed contractile force at a given concentration of Ca²⁺.

PDE III inhibitors and Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent are well known in the art and described for instance in U.S. Pat. No. 4,906,628; U.S. Pat. No. 4,654,342; U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,563; U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,657; U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,420; or EP B-008 391.

Preferred PDE III inhibitors and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents are cilostazol, pimobendan, milrinone, levosimendan, amrinone, enoximone and piroximone TZC-5665 or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives, metabolites or pro-drugs thereof. Most preferred PDE III inhibitors and Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents, respectively are pimobendan and levosimendan, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives, metabolites or pro-drugs thereof. Most preferred is pimobendan, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives, metabolites or pro-drugs thereof.

Pimobendan (4,5-dihydro-6-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl]-5-methyl-3 (2H)-pyridazinone) is disclosed in EP B-008 391, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Pimobendan having the formula:

Pimobendan is a well-known compound for the treatment of heart failure (HF) originating from dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or decompensated endocardiosis (DCE) in animals, in particular in dogs (WO 2005/092343). Pimobendan is also approved as a drug product for cardiovascular treatment of humans.

Levosimendan is a pyridazone-dinitrile derivative. In particular, levosimendan is known to the public as (R)-[[4-(1,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-4-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridazinyl)phenyl]hydrazono]propanedinitrile and has been described earlier for example in GB 2228004, U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,420 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,657, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Levosimendan having the formula:

The term “patient” as used herein relates but is not limited to an animal or a person suffering from diastolic dysfunction, preferably from HCM and/or RCM, most preferably from HCM. The term “patient” embraces mammal such as primates including humans.

In addition to primates, a variety of other mammals can be treated according to the method of the present invention. For instance, mammals including but not limited to cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rats or other bovine, ovine, equine, canine, feline, rodent or murine species can be treated. However, the method can also be practiced in other species, such as avian species.

Preferred are human patients, dogs, cats and horses. Most preferred are cats. Human patients are female or male person who are suffering from heart failure. As a rule such persons are children, young adults, adults or elderly people with an age of between 6 and 80, preferably between 30 and 65 years.

The term “heart failure” as used herein relates to condition in which a problem with the structure or function of the heart impairs its ability to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the body's needs, in particular any contractile disorder or disease of the heart. Clinical manifestations are as a rule the results of changes to the heart's cellular and molecular components and to mediators that drive homeostatic control. Heart failure is caused by several clinical apparent disorders including myocardial infarction and other forms of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathy such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

The term “effective amount” as used herein means an amount sufficient to achieve a reduction of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a patient when a PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent is administered at a dosage as described herein. The progress of the therapy (reduction diastolic dysfunction, preferably of HCM and/or RCM, most preferably of HCM as described herein) can be monitored by standard cardiologic diagnosis, for example, by echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, or cardiac MRI, or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof” means but is not limited to pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives, metabolites or pro-drugs of a drug. Derivatives as used herein include but are not limited to, any hydrate forms, solvates, isomers, enantiomers, racemates, racemic conglomerate and the like of the compound of choice. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art and may be formed with an inorganic or organic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, mandelic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, palmitic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, cinnamic acid, salicylic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid and toluenesulfonic acid.

Dosage

The dosage regimen for the compounds of the present invention will, of course, vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration; the species, age, sex, health, medical condition, and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; the route of administration, the renal and hepatic function of the patient, and the effect desired.

A physician or veterinarian can determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter, or arrest the progress of the disorder. By way of general guidance, the daily dosage of each active ingredient, preferably of pimobendan or levosimendan, when used for the indicated effects, will range between 5 and 2.500 μg/kg bodyweight, preferably 10 to 1,500 μg/kg bodyweight, even more preferred between 15 to 750 μg/kg bodyweight, even more preferred between 15 and 500 μg/kg bodyweight, most preferred between 20 and 250 μg/kg bodyweight. Those dosages should be administered once per day or split into twice daily administration. The treatment is advisable in clinically apparent cases, both in acute as well as in chronic settings.

Thus according to further aspect the present invention relates to a PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan for the preparation of a medicament/pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a patient suffering from diastolic dysfunction, preferably of HCM and/or RCM, most preferably of acute or chronic HCM.

Preferably the PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan is used for the treatment of a patient suffering from diastolic dysfunction, preferably from HCM and/or RCM, most preferably from HCM, wherein the dosage to be administered is in the range between 5 and 2,500 μg/kg bodyweight per day, preferably in the range between 10 to 1,500 μg/kg bodyweight per day, even more preferred in the range between 15 to 750 μg/kg bodyweight per day, even more preferred in the range between 15 and 500 μg/kg bodyweight per day, most preferred in the range between 20 and 250 μg/kg bodyweight per day.

The pharmaceutical composition comprising the PDE-III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, preferably the PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan for the treatment of diastolic dysfunction, preferably of HCM and/or RCM, most preferably of HCM is prepared to be used in a dosage range between 5 and 2,500 μg/kg bodyweight per day, preferably in a dosage range between 10 to 1,500 μg/kg bodyweight per day, even more preferred in a dosage range between 15 to 750 μg/kg bodyweight per day, even more preferred in a dosage range between 15 and 500 μg/kg bodyweight per day, most preferred in a dosage range between 20 and 250 μg/kg bodyweight per day.

Administration

The compounds of this invention can be administered in an oral dosage forms as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, suspensions, syrups, and emulsions. They may also be administered in intravenous (bolus or infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular form, all using dosage forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. They can be administered alone, but generally will be administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.

Combined Use

Preferably, the PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, preferably the PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan are administered in combination with a second active therapeutic agent. Preferably, such second active therapeutic agent is furosemide. Furosemide should be dosed at 0.5 to 5 mg/kg once or twice daily. It may well be that furosemide can be completely withdrawn once the patient has been stabilized.

Thus, according to a further aspect the present invention relates to the combined use of a PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan pimobendan with furosemide for the treatment of a patient suffering from diastolic dysfunction, preferably from HCM and/or RCM, most preferably from HCM. Preferably, the PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, preferably the PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan and the furosemide are administered at the dosages described herein.

According to a further aspect the present invention relates to a two phase combination therapy for the treatment of a patient suffering from diastolic dysfunction, preferably from HCM and/or RCM, most preferably from HCM, comprising in the first phase the administration of a PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan in combination with furosemide, and in the second phase the administration of the PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, preferably the PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan without using furosemide. Preferably, the PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, preferably the PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan and the furosemide are administered at the dosages described herein.

From the pathophysiology of the disease one would expect that further improvement of diastolic function by prolongation of diastole or enhancing coronary perfusion/oxygen supply-demand ratio should be key targets of pharmacotherapy. Both effects could be achieved by reducing cardiac rate. Reduction of heart rate could be induced by certain blockers of the L-type calcium channels, by β-adrenoreceptor antagonists or by blockers of the hyperpolarisation-dependent inward current of sinoatrial pacemaker cells. It can be expected that PDE-III inhibitors or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agents, preferably pimobendan combines favourably with those agents, especially with β-blockers or if-blockers as PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan may counteract direct or indirect, i.e. rate related impairment of cardiac contractile force inherent to those agents as well as concurrent vasoconstriction.

Moreover, unburdening of the heart by peripheral vasodilation as well as improving coronary perfusion, due to direct coronary vasodilation or the reduction of extramural resistance following the diminution of cardiac preload as induced by PDE III inhibitors, will further contribute to the improvement of diastolic wall function.

Thus, according to a further aspect the present invention relates to the combined use of a PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan with a L-type calcium channel blocker, a β-adrenoreceptor antagonists, and/or a if-blocker for the treatment of a patient suffering from diastolic dysfunction, preferably from HCM and/or RCM, most preferably from HCM.

Well known “L-type calcium channel blockers” include, but are not limited to diltiazem, verapamil and felodipine or pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

Well known “β-adrenoreceptor antagonists” include, but are not limited to atenolol and carvedilol, propranolol, metoprolol, sotalol, timolol, bupranolol, esmolol, nebivolol, bisoprolol. Preferred β-adrenoreceptor antagonists are carvedilol, sustaine-release metoprolol anf nebivolol.

Well known “if-blockers” include, but are not limited to cilobradine or ivabradine.

The L-type calcium channel blocker, a β-adrenoreceptor antagonists, and/or a if-blockers as listed above also include any pharmaceutical acceptable derivative thereof. For instance the term diltiazem shall also mean and include any pharmaceutical acceptable derivatives of diltiazem.

According to a further aspect the PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, preferably the PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan can be used in combination with an ACE inhibitor for the treatment of a patient suffering from diastolic dysfunction, preferably from HCM and/or RCM, most preferably from HCM.

Well known “ACE inhibitors” include, but are not limited to omapatrilat, MDL100240, alacepril, benazepril, captopril, cilazapril, delapril, enalapril, enalaprilat, fosinopril, fosinoprilat, imidapril, lisinopril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, ramiprilat, saralasin acetate, temocapril, trandolapril, trandolaprilat, ceranapril, moexipril, quinaprilat and spirapril or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

Thus, according to a further aspect the present invention relates to the combined use of a PDE III inhibitor and/or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent, preferably a PDE III inhibitor which exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effect such as pimobendan with ACE inhibitor for the treatment of a patient suffering from diastolic dysfunction, preferably from HCM and/or RCM, most preferably from HCM, wherein the ACE inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of omapatrilat, MDL100240, alacepril, benazepril, captopril, cilazapril, delapril, enalapril, enalaprilat, fosinopril, fosinoprilat, imidapril, lisinopril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, ramiprilat, saralasin acetate, temocapril, trandolapril, trandolaprilat, ceranapril, moexipril, quinaprilat and spirapril or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

EXAMPLES

The following examples serve to further illustrate the present invention; but the same should not be construed as a limitation of the scope of the invention disclosed herein.

Example 1 Treatment of Cats Suffering from HCM

A 15 year old castrated male tomcat of mixed breed (mother Persian, father European short hair, bodyweight 6 kg) was brought to the veterinary clinic in March 2008. The animal was lethargic and unable to move. Examination of the cardiovascular system indicated acute circulatory failure, accompanied with tachycardia (>180bpm). Echocardiographic investigation indicated a thickened left ventricular wall and septum, which are related to HCM.

Immediate administration of furosemide, 1 mg/kg i.v. did not result in a sufficient control of the situation. Because of the desperate situation 1.25 mg pimobendan were applied orally with the expectation/fear that this measure would/could probably further deteriorate the status of the cat.

Very much to the surprise, the clinical symptoms improved and the cat recovered within a few hours. As the owner had observed that the cat had been unusually inactive before the acute crisis and as the cat tended to deteriorate on the following day the veterinarian decided to continue the treatment at a dose of 20 microgram/kg/day pimobendan orally. This treatment is still being continued. Yet, the data obtained via ultrasound proved a significant recovery of left ventricular filling and systolic function.

REFERENCES

Fox P R. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clinical and pathologic correlates. J Vet Cardiol 2003; 5:39-45.

Kittleson M D, Meurs K M, Munro M J, et al. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Maine coon cats. Circulation 1999; 99:3172-3180.

Liu S K, Roberts W C, Maron B J. Comparison of morphologic findings in spontaneously occurring hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in humans, cats, and dogs. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72:944-951.

Meurs K M, Sanchez X, David R M, et al. A cardiac myosin binding protein C mutation in the Main coon cat with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Human Molecular Genetics 2005: 14:3587-3593.

Meurs K M, Norgard M M, Ederer M M, et al. A substitution mutation in the myosin binding protein C gene in ragdoll hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Genomics 2007; 90:261.

Peterson E N, Mooise N S, Brown C A, et al. Heterogeneity of hypertrophy in feline hypertrophic heart disease. JVIM 1993; 7:183-189

Riesen S C, Kovacevic A, Lombard C W, et al. Prevalence of heart disease in symptomatic cats: an overview from 1998 to 2005. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde 2007; 149:65-71.

Rush J E. Therapy of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice November 1998; 28:1459-1479

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1. Use of a phosphodiesterase type III (PDE III) inhibitor or a Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a patient suffering from diastolic dysfunction.
 2. Use according to claim 1, wherein the diastolic dysfunction is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
 3. The use according to claim 1, wherein the PDE III inhibitor exhibits additionally calcium sensitising effects.
 4. The use according to claim 1, wherein the PDE III inhibitor or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent is selected from the group consisting of pimobendan, milrinone, levosimendan, amrinone, enoximone, and piroximone.
 5. The use according to claim 4, wherein the PDE III inhibitor is pimobendan.
 6. The use according to claim 1, wherein the PDE III inhibitor or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent is utilized in oral or parenteral form.
 7. The use according to claim 1, wherein the medicament is prepared in a form to be used in a dosage between 5 and 2,500 μg PDE III inhibitor or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent per kg bodyweight per day.
 8. The use according to claim 1, wherein the PDE III inhibitor or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent is administered in a daily dosage between 5 and 2,500 μg/kg bodyweight.
 9. The use according to claim 1, wherein the PDE III inhibitor or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent is administered together with furosemide.
 10. The use according to claim 9, wherein the furosemide is administered in a dosage between 0.5 to 5 mg/kg bodyweight once or twice daily.
 11. The use according to claim 1, wherein the PDE III inhibitor or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent is selected from the group consisting of a β L-type calcium channel blocker, a β-adrenoreceptor antagonists, and an if-blocker.
 12. The use according to claim 1, wherein said patient is a mammal selected from the group consisting of non-human primates, humans, dogs, cats and horses.
 13. The use according to claim 12, wherein said patient is a cat.
 14. A PDE III inhibitor or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent for the treatment of a patient suffering from diastolic dysfunction.
 15. A PDE III inhibitor or Ca²⁺-sensitizing agent for the treatment of a patient suffering from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. 